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1992.
will vastly exceed biological intelligence : Ray Kurzweil, Reinventing Humanity,
Futurist, March April 2006. See also Kurzweil s The Singularity Is Near: When Humans
Transcend Biology (New York: Viking, 2005).
the monkey that walks around : Levy, A Life Nightmare.
bloody mess : Quoted by Christopher Lasch, Chip of Fools, New Republic, August
13 and 20, 1984.
always says to me : Rohan Sullivan, Gates Says Technology Will One Day Allow
Computer Implants But Hardwiring s Not for Him, Technology Review, August 16, 2005,
http://www.technologyreview.com/Wire/14556/.
Microsoft patent: United States Patent No. 6,754,472.
British government innovation survey: Institute for the Future, Delta Scan: The
Future of Science and Technology, 2005 2055, Stanford University Web site, 2006,
http://humanitieslab.stanford.edu/2/Home.
database of human intentions : John Battelle, The Search: How Google and Its Rivals
Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture (New York: Portfolio, 2005), 1 17.
Mechanical Turk: For an account of the original chess-playing machine, see Tom
Standage, The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous Eighteenth-Century Chess-Playing
Machine (New York: Walker Books, 2002). A description of the Amazon service can be found at
http://www.mturk.com/mturk/welcome. See also Nicholas Carr, Amazon Patents Cybernetic
Mind-Meld, Rough Type blog, April 4, 2007,
http://www.roughtype.com/archives/2007/04/amazon_patents.php.
Google PageRank: See Brin and Page, Anatomy of a Search Engine.
systematically exploits human knowledge : John Markoff, Entrepreneurs See a Web
Guided by Common Sense, New York Times, November 12, 2006.
the Web is only going to get : Victoria Shannon, A More Revolutionary Web,
International Herald Tribune, May 24, 2006 .
mechanisms of trade : Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, 158.
TextRunner: See Oren Etzioni, Michele Banko, and Michael J. Cafarella, Machine
Reading, American Association for Artificial Intelligence working paper, 2006.
teaching computers to see: Gustavo Carneiro et al., Supervised Learning of Semantic
Classes for Image Annotation and Retrieval, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and
Machine Intelligence 29 (March 2007), 394 410.
von Neumann s machine: John von Neumann described his plan for what he called a
very high-speed automatic digital computing system in a June 30, 1945, report for the US Army
Ordnance Department titled First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. (The design was inspired
by discussions he d had with J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.) In the report, von Neumann
drew an analogy between the vacuum tubes that would serve as the core processing elements of
his machine and the neurons of the higher animals.
Uses which are likely to be : Quoted in George Dyson, Turing s Cathedral, Edge,
October 24, 2005 , http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/dyson05/dyson05_index.html.
Despite the whimsical furniture : Dyson, Turing s Cathedral. Dyson s article is best
read as a coda to his book Darwin Among the Machines (Cambridge: Perseus, 1997).
finding answers to unasked questions: In his 1960 paper Man Computer Symbiosis,
J. C. R. Licklider made a similar observation about the limits of traditional computers:
Present-day computers are designed primarily to solve preformulated problems or to process
data according to predetermined procedures. The course of the computation may be conditional
upon results obtained during the computation, but all the alternatives must be foreseen in
advance. (If an unforeseen alternative arises, the whole process comes to a halt and awaits the
necessary extension of the program.) The requirement for preformulation or predetermination is
sometimes no great disadvantage. It is often said that programming for a computing machine
forces one to think clearly, that it disciplines the thought process. If the user can think his
problem through in advance, symbiotic association with a computing machine is not necessary.
However, many problems that can be thought through in advance are very difficult to think
through in advance. They would be easier to solve, and they could be solved faster, through an
intuitively guided trial-and-error procedure in which the computer cooperated, turning up flaws
in the reasoning or revealing unexpected turns in the solution. Other problems simply cannot be
formulated without computing-machine aid. [French mathematician Henri] Poincar anticipated
the frustration of an important group of would-be computer users when he said, The question is
not, What is the answer? The question is, What is the question? One of the main aims of
man computer symbiosis is to bring the computing machine effectively into the formulative
parts of technical problems.
always wanted to build : Eric Schmidt, presentation at Google Press Day, May 10,
2006.
What will most surprise us : Kelly, We Are the Web.
I come from a tradition : Richard Foreman, The Pancake People, or, The Gods Are
Pounding My Head, Edge, March 8, 2005,
http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/foreman05/foreman05_index.html.
Our technologies make us: Young describes, for instance, the profound effect that the
invention of the clock had on our sense of the world: In our civilization the emphasis on a
steady flow of time developed mainly with the invention of good clocks. This conception
provided an important part of the framework of the new view of a material world that man
created in the seventeenth century. Moreover, natural events were compared with clocks. The
heavens and the human body were said to function like clockwork. In fact, use of this model was
largely responsible for the practice of speaking of the working of any system a practice still
deeply ingrained in us. J. Z. Young, Doubt and Certainty in Science: A Biologist s Reflections
on the Brain (London: Oxford University Press, 1951), 103.
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